Click to open the HelpDesk interface
AECE - Front page banner

Menu:


FACTS & FIGURES

JCR Impact Factor: 0.700
JCR 5-Year IF: 0.700
SCOPUS CiteScore: 1.8
Issues per year: 4
Current issue: Aug 2024
Next issue: Nov 2024
Avg review time: 57 days
Avg accept to publ: 60 days
APC: 300 EUR


PUBLISHER

Stefan cel Mare
University of Suceava
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science
13, Universitatii Street
Suceava - 720229
ROMANIA

Print ISSN: 1582-7445
Online ISSN: 1844-7600
WorldCat: 643243560
doi: 10.4316/AECE


TRAFFIC STATS

2,999,934 unique visits
1,166,795 downloads
Since November 1, 2009



Robots online now
YandexBot


SCOPUS CiteScore

SCOPUS CiteScore


SJR SCImago RANK

SCImago Journal & Country Rank




TEXT LINKS

Anycast DNS Hosting
MOST RECENT ISSUES

 Volume 24 (2024)
 
     »   Issue 3 / 2024
 
     »   Issue 2 / 2024
 
     »   Issue 1 / 2024
 
 
 Volume 23 (2023)
 
     »   Issue 4 / 2023
 
     »   Issue 3 / 2023
 
     »   Issue 2 / 2023
 
     »   Issue 1 / 2023
 
 
 Volume 22 (2022)
 
     »   Issue 4 / 2022
 
     »   Issue 3 / 2022
 
     »   Issue 2 / 2022
 
     »   Issue 1 / 2022
 
 
 Volume 21 (2021)
 
     »   Issue 4 / 2021
 
     »   Issue 3 / 2021
 
     »   Issue 2 / 2021
 
     »   Issue 1 / 2021
 
 
  View all issues  








LATEST NEWS

2024-Jun-20
Clarivate Analytics published the InCites Journal Citations Report for 2023. The InCites JCR Impact Factor of Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering is 0.700 (0.700 without Journal self-cites), and the InCites JCR 5-Year Impact Factor is 0.600.

2023-Jun-28
Clarivate Analytics published the InCites Journal Citations Report for 2022. The InCites JCR Impact Factor of Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering is 0.800 (0.700 without Journal self-cites), and the InCites JCR 5-Year Impact Factor is 1.000.

2023-Jun-05
SCOPUS published the CiteScore for 2022, computed by using an improved methodology, counting the citations received in 2019-2022 and dividing the sum by the number of papers published in the same time frame. The CiteScore of Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering for 2022 is 2.0. For "General Computer Science" we rank #134/233 and for "Electrical and Electronic Engineering" we rank #478/738.

2022-Jun-28
Clarivate Analytics published the InCites Journal Citations Report for 2021. The InCites JCR Impact Factor of Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering is 0.825 (0.722 without Journal self-cites), and the InCites JCR 5-Year Impact Factor is 0.752.

2022-Jun-16
SCOPUS published the CiteScore for 2021, computed by using an improved methodology, counting the citations received in 2018-2021 and dividing the sum by the number of papers published in the same time frame. The CiteScore of Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering for 2021 is 2.5, the same as for 2020 but better than all our previous results.

Read More »


    
 

  2/2017 - 15

A Novel Approach for the Prediction of Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's disease using MRI Images

AYUB, A. See more information about AYUB, A. on SCOPUS See more information about AYUB, A. on IEEExplore See more information about AYUB, A. on Web of Science, FARHAN, S. See more information about  FARHAN, S. on SCOPUS See more information about  FARHAN, S. on SCOPUS See more information about FARHAN, S. on Web of Science, FAHIEM, M. A. See more information about  FAHIEM, M. A. on SCOPUS See more information about  FAHIEM, M. A. on SCOPUS See more information about FAHIEM, M. A. on Web of Science, TAUSEEF, H. See more information about TAUSEEF, H. on SCOPUS See more information about TAUSEEF, H. on SCOPUS See more information about TAUSEEF, H. on Web of Science
 
Extra paper information in View the paper record and citations in Google Scholar View the paper record and similar papers in Microsoft Bing View the paper record and similar papers in Semantic Scholar the AI-powered research tool
Click to see author's profile in See more information about the author on SCOPUS SCOPUS, See more information about the author on IEEE Xplore IEEE Xplore, See more information about the author on Web of Science Web of Science

Download PDF pdficon (1,667 KB) | Citation | Downloads: 1,096 | Views: 1,865

Author keywords
computer aided diagnosis, feature extraction, image analysis, image classification, pattern recognition

References keywords
alzheimer(34), disease(29), classification(20), brain(14), neuroimage(13), cognitive(13), structural(12), mild(12), impairment(12), pattern(11)
Blue keywords are present in both the references section and the paper title.

About this article
Date of Publication: 2017-05-31
Volume 17, Issue 2, Year 2017, On page(s): 113 - 122
ISSN: 1582-7445, e-ISSN: 1844-7600
Digital Object Identifier: 10.4316/AECE.2017.02015
Web of Science Accession Number: 000405378100015
SCOPUS ID: 85020067022

Abstract
Quick view
Full text preview
The main objective of our research is to introduce an approach that uses noninvasive MRI images to predict the conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease at an early stage. It detects normal controls that are likely to develop Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment patients that are likely to establish Alzheimer's disease within two years or, contrarily, their stage remains same. The proposed approach uses two types of features i.e. volumetric features and textural features. Volumetric features consist of volume of grey matter, volume of white matter and volume of cerebrospinal fluid. A total of 364 textural features have been calculated. To avoid the curse of dimensionality, textural features are reduced to 15 features using gain ratio, a ranking based search algorithm. All features are tested against four classifiers i.e. AODEsr, VFI, RBF and LBR. Leave-One-Out cross validation strategy is used for the evaluation of proposed approach. Results show accuracy of 98.33% with volumetric features and 100% with textural features using VFI and LBR. Our approach is innovative because of its higher accuracy results as compared to existing approaches yet with a smaller feature set.


References | Cited By  «-- Click to see who has cited this paper

[1] "2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures," Alzheimer's & Dementia, vol. 11, pp. 332-384, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 496] [SCOPUS Times Cited 1467]


[2] R. Brookmeyer, E. Johnson, K. Ziegler-Graham, and H. M. Arrighi, "Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease," Alzheimer's & dementia, vol. 3, pp. 186-191, 2007
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 2435] [SCOPUS Times Cited 2721]


[3] S. Farhan, M. A. Fahiem, and H. Tauseef, "An Ensemble-of-Classifiers Based Approach for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: Classification Using Structural Features of Brain Images," Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, vol. 2014, 2014

[4] A. B. Tufail, A. Abidi, A. M. Siddiqui, and M. S. Younis, "Automatic classification of initial categories of Alzheimer's disease from structural MRI phase images: a comparison of PSVM, KNN and ANN methods," Age, vol. 75, pp. 76.13-7.55, 2012

[5] R. Casanova, F.-C. Hsu, K. M. Sink, S. R. Rapp, J. D. Williamson, et al., "Alzheimer's disease risk assessment using large-scale machine learning methods," PloS one, vol. 8, p. e77949, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 78] [SCOPUS Times Cited 88]


[6] S. Klöppel, C. M. Stonnington, C. Chu, B. Draganski, R. I. Scahill, et al., "Automatic classification of MR scans in Alzheimer's disease," Brain, vol. 131, pp. 681-689, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 858] [SCOPUS Times Cited 990]


[7] Y. Fan, S. M. Resnick, X. Wu, and C. Davatzikos, "Structural and functional biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer's disease: a high-dimensional pattern classification study," Neuroimage, vol. 41, pp. 277-285, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 236] [SCOPUS Times Cited 260]


[8] C. Davatzikos, P. Bhatt, L. M. Shaw, K. N. Batmanghelich, and J. Q. Trojanowski, "Prediction of MCI to AD conversion, via MRI, CSF biomarkers, and pattern classification," Neurobiology of aging, vol. 32, pp. 2322. e19-2322. e27, 2011

[9] K. A. Johnson, N. C. Fox, R. A. Sperling, and W. E. Klunk, "Brain imaging in Alzheimer disease," Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, vol. 2, p. a006213, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 413] [SCOPUS Times Cited 505]


[10] K. Kantarci and C. R. Jack, "Neuroimaging in Alzheimer disease: an evidence-based review," Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, vol. 13, pp. 197-209, 2003.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 146] [SCOPUS Times Cited 174]


[11] D. Zhang, Y. Wang, L. Zhou, H. Yuan, D. Shen, et al., "Multimodal classification of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment," Neuroimage, vol. 55, pp. 856-867, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 945] [SCOPUS Times Cited 1099]


[12] E. Moradi, A. Pepe, C. Gaser, H. Huttunen, J. Tohka, et al., "Machine learning framework for early MRI-based Alzheimer's conversion prediction in MCI subjects," NeuroImage, vol. 104, pp. 398-412, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 466] [SCOPUS Times Cited 550]


[13] G. Chetelat, B. Desgranges, V. De La Sayette, F. Viader, F. Eustache, et al., "Mapping gray matter loss with voxel-based morphometry in mild cognitive impairment," Neuroreport, vol. 13, pp. 1939-1943, 2002.
[CrossRef] [SCOPUS Times Cited 324]


[14] J. Ashburner and K. J. Friston, "Voxel-based morphometry-the methods," Neuroimage, vol. 11, pp. 805-821, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 6916] [SCOPUS Times Cited 7326]


[15] J. E. Arco, J. Ramírez, J. M. Gorriz, C. G. Puntonet, and M. Ruz, "Short-term Prediction of MCI to AD conversion based on Longitudinal MRI analysis and neuropsychological tests," in Innovation in Medicine and Healthcare 2015, ed: Springer, 2016, pp. 385-394.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 11] [SCOPUS Times Cited 10]


[16] C. Davatzikos, S. M. Resnick, X. Wu, P. Parmpi, and C. M. Clark, "Individual patient diagnosis of AD and FTD via high-dimensional pattern classification of MRI," Neuroimage, vol. 41, pp. 1220-1227, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 190] [SCOPUS Times Cited 206]


[17] R. C. Petersen, "Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity," Journal of internal medicine, vol. 256, pp. 183-194, 2004.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 5755] [SCOPUS Times Cited 6212]


[18] L. M. Shaw, H. Vanderstichele, M. Knapik-Czajka, C. M. Clark, P. S. Aisen, et al., "Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative subjects," Annals of neurology, vol. 65, pp. 403-413, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 1630] [SCOPUS Times Cited 1712]


[19] R. M. Chapman, M. Mapstone, J. W. McCrary, M. N. Gardner, A. Porsteinsson, et al., "Predicting conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease using neuropsychological tests and multivariate methods," Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, vol. 33, pp. 187-199, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 83] [SCOPUS Times Cited 89]


[20] C. R. Jack, V. J. Lowe, M. L. Senjem, S. D. Weigand, B. J. Kemp, et al., "11C PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment," Brain, vol. 131, pp. 665-680, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 765] [SCOPUS Times Cited 820]


[21] C. D. Good, R. I. Scahill, N. C. Fox, J. Ashburner, K. J. Friston, et al., "Automatic differentiation of anatomical patterns in the human brain: validation with studies of degenerative dementias," Neuroimage, vol. 17, pp. 29-46, 2002.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 341] [SCOPUS Times Cited 364]


[22] O. Colliot, G. Chetelat, M. Chupin, B. Desgranges, B. Magnin, et al., "Discrimination between Alzheimer Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Normal Aging by Using Automated Segmentation of the Hippocampus 1," Radiology, vol. 248, pp. 194-201, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 212] [SCOPUS Times Cited 232]


[23] C. Misra, Y. Fan, and C. Davatzikos, "Baseline and longitudinal patterns of brain atrophy in MCI patients, and their use in prediction of short-term conversion to AD: results from ADNI," Neuroimage, vol. 44, pp. 1415-1422, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 431] [SCOPUS Times Cited 476]


[24] A. Mechelli, C. J. Price, K. J. Friston, and J. Ashburner, "Voxel-based morphometry of the human brain: methods and applications," Current medical Imaging reviews, vol. 1, pp. 105-113, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 669]


[25] Y. Fan, N. Batmanghelich, C. M. Clark, C. Davatzikos, and A. s. D. N. Initiative, "Spatial patterns of brain atrophy in MCI patients, identified via high-dimensional pattern classification, predict subsequent cognitive decline," Neuroimage, vol. 39, pp. 1731-1743, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 386] [SCOPUS Times Cited 430]


[26] M. Bozzali, M. Filippi, G. Magnani, M. Cercignani, M. Franceschi, et al., "The contribution of voxel-based morphometry in staging patients with mild cognitive impairment," Neurology, vol. 67, pp. 453-460, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 150] [SCOPUS Times Cited 167]


[27] G. Chetelat, B. Landeau, F. Eustache, F. Mezenge, F. Viader, et al., "Using voxel-based morphometry to map the structural changes associated with rapid conversion in MCI: a longitudinal MRI study," Neuroimage, vol. 27, pp. 934-946, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 423] [SCOPUS Times Cited 460]


[28] Y. Hirata, H. Matsuda, K. Nemoto, T. Ohnishi, K. Hirao, et al., "Voxel-based morphometry to discriminate early Alzheimer's disease from controls," Neuroscience letters, vol. 382, pp. 269-274, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 255] [SCOPUS Times Cited 284]


[29] A. Hämäläinen, S. Tervo, M. Grau-Olivares, E. Niskanen, C. Pennanen, et al., "Voxel-based morphometry to detect brain atrophy in progressive mild cognitive impairment," Neuroimage, vol. 37, pp. 1122-1131, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 119] [SCOPUS Times Cited 129]


[30] C. Davatzikos, Y. Fan, X. Wu, D. Shen, and S. M. Resnick, "Detection of prodromal Alzheimer's disease via pattern classification of magnetic resonance imaging," Neurobiology of aging, vol. 29, pp. 514-523, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 292] [SCOPUS Times Cited 341]


[31] E. Gerardin, G. Chetelat, M. Chupin, R. Cuingnet, B. Desgranges, et al., "Multidimensional classification of hippocampal shape features discriminates Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment from normal aging," Neuroimage, vol. 47, pp. 1476-1486, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 311] [SCOPUS Times Cited 358]


[32] M. Chupin, E. Gerardin, R. Cuingnet, C. Boutet, L. Lemieux, et al., "Fully automatic hippocampus segmentation and classification in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment applied on data from ADNI," Hippocampus, vol. 19, pp. 579-587, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 239] [SCOPUS Times Cited 282]


[33] S. L. Risacher, A. J. Saykin, J. D. Wes, L. Shen, H. A. Firpi, et al., "Baseline MRI predictors of conversion from MCI to probable AD in the ADNI cohort," Current Alzheimer Research, vol. 6, pp. 347-361, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 393] [SCOPUS Times Cited 444]


[34] Y. Fan, D. Shen, and C. Davatzikos, "Classification of structural images via high-dimensional image warping, robust feature extraction, and SVM," in Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention–MICCAI 2005, ed: Springer, 2005, pp. 1-8.
[CrossRef] [SCOPUS Times Cited 54]


[35] A. Farzan, S. Mashohor, A. R. Ramli, and R. Mahmud, "Boosting diagnosis accuracy of Alzheimer's disease using high dimensional recognition of longitudinal brain atrophy patterns," Behavioural brain research, vol. 290, pp. 124-130, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 40] [SCOPUS Times Cited 43]


[36] L. Khedher, J. Ramírez, J. Gorriz, A. Brahim, F. Segovia, et al., "Early diagnosis of Alzheimer? s disease based on partial least squares, principal component analysis and support vector machine using segmented MRI images," Neurocomputing, vol. 151, pp. 139-150, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 188] [SCOPUS Times Cited 226]


[37] Y. Zhang, S. Wang, P. Phillips, Z. Dong, G. Ji, et al., "Detection of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment based on structural volumetric MR images using 3D-DWT and WTA-KSVM trained by PSOTVAC," Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, vol. 21, pp. 58-73, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 150] [SCOPUS Times Cited 162]


[38] X. Long and C. Wyatt, "An automatic unsupervised classification of MR images in Alzheimer's disease," in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2010 IEEE Conference on, 2010, pp. 2910-2917.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 14] [SCOPUS Times Cited 21]


[39] S. Farhan, M. A. Fahiem, F. Tahir, and H. Tauseef, "A Comparative Study of Neuroimaging and Pattern Recognition Techniques for Estimation of Alzheimer's," Life Science Journal, vol. 10, 2013.

[40] A. Ortiz, J. M. Gorriz, J. Ramírez, F. J. Martínez-Murcia, and A. s. D. N. Initiative, "LVQ-SVM based CAD tool applied to structural MRI for the diagnosis of the Alzheimer's disease," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 34, pp. 1725-1733, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 72] [SCOPUS Times Cited 86]


[41] D. H. Ye, K. M. Pohl, and C. Davatzikos, "Semi-supervised pattern classification: application to structural MRI of Alzheimer's disease," in Pattern Recognition in NeuroImaging (PRNI), 2011 International Workshop on, 2011, pp. 1-4.
[CrossRef] [SCOPUS Times Cited 41]


[42] R. Filipovych, C. Davatzikos, and A. s. D. N. Initiative, "Semi-supervised pattern classification of medical images: application to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)," NeuroImage, vol. 55, pp. 1109-1119, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 96] [SCOPUS Times Cited 117]


[43] Y. Zhang, S. Wang, and Z. Dong, "Classification of Alzheimer disease based on structural magnetic resonance imaging by kernel support vector machine decision tree," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 144, pp. 171-184, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 158] [SCOPUS Times Cited 187]


[44] K. Hu, Y. Wang, K. Chen, L. Hou, and X. Zhang, "Multi-scale features extraction from baseline structure MRI for MCI patient classification and AD early diagnosis," Neurocomputing, vol. 175, pp. 132-145, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 54] [SCOPUS Times Cited 64]


[45] D. W. Shattuck and R. M. Leahy, "BrainSuite: an automated cortical surface identification tool," Medical image analysis, vol. 6, pp. 129-142, 2002.
[CrossRef]


[46] S. M. Smith and J. M. Brady, "SUSAN-a new approach to low level image processing," International journal of computer vision, vol. 23, pp. 45-78, 1997.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 2168] [SCOPUS Times Cited 2971]


[47] D. W. Shattuck, S. R. Sandor-Leahy, K. A. Schaper, D. A. Rottenberg, and R. M. Leahy, "Magnetic resonance image tissue classification using a partial volume model," NeuroImage, vol. 13, pp. 856-876, 2001.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 757] [SCOPUS Times Cited 855]


[48] M. Hall, E. Frank, G. Holmes, B. Pfahringer, P. Reutemann, et al., "The WEKA data mining software: an update," ACM SIGKDD explorations newsletter, vol. 11, pp. 10-18, 2009.

[49] C. Ledig, R. Guerrero, T. Tong, K. Gray, A. Makropoulos, et al., "Alzheimer's disease state classification using structural volumetry, cortical thickness and intensity features," in Proc MICCAI workshop challenge on computer-aided diagnosis of dementia based on structural MRI data, 2014, pp. 55-64.

[50] J. Zhang, C. Yu, G. Jiang, W. Liu, and L. Tong, "3D texture analysis on MRI images of Alzheimer's disease," Brain imaging and behavior, vol. 6, pp. 61-69, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 103] [SCOPUS Times Cited 116]


[51] P. Keserwani, V. C. Pammi, O. Prakash, A. Khare, and M. Jeon, "Classification of Alzheimer Disease using Gabor Texture Feature of Hippocampus Region," International Journal of Image, Graphics & Signal Processing, vol. 8, 2016.

[52] J.-D. Lee, S.-C. Su, C.-H. Huang, W.-C. Xu, and Y.-Y. Wei, "Using volume features and shape features for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis," in Innovative Computing, Information and Control (ICICIC), 2009 Fourth International Conference on, 2009, pp. 437-440.
[CrossRef] [SCOPUS Times Cited 5]




References Weight

Web of Science® Citations for all references: 29,444 TCR
SCOPUS® Citations for all references: 33,468 TCR

Web of Science® Average Citations per reference: 556 ACR
SCOPUS® Average Citations per reference: 631 ACR

TCR = Total Citations for References / ACR = Average Citations per Reference

We introduced in 2010 - for the first time in scientific publishing, the term "References Weight", as a quantitative indication of the quality ... Read more

Citations for references updated on 2024-11-22 16:48 in 309 seconds.




Note1: Web of Science® is a registered trademark of Clarivate Analytics.
Note2: SCOPUS® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.
Disclaimer: All queries to the respective databases were made by using the DOI record of every reference (where available). Due to technical problems beyond our control, the information is not always accurate. Please use the CrossRef link to visit the respective publisher site.

Copyright ©2001-2024
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania


All rights reserved: Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering is a registered trademark of the Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, photocopied, recorded or archived, without the written permission from the Editor. When authors submit their papers for publication, they agree that the copyright for their article be transferred to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania, if and only if the articles are accepted for publication. The copyright covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints and translations.

Permission for other use: The copyright owner's consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific written permission must be obtained from the Editor for such copying. Direct linking to files hosted on this website is strictly prohibited.

Disclaimer: Whilst every effort is made by the publishers and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinions or statements appear in this journal, they wish to make it clear that all information and opinions formulated in the articles, as well as linguistic accuracy, are the sole responsibility of the author.




Website loading speed and performance optimization powered by: 


DNS Made Easy