4/2016 - 6 |
A New Autofocusing Method Based on Brightness and Contrast for Color CamerasSELEK, M. |
Extra paper information in |
Click to see author's profile in SCOPUS, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science |
Download PDF (1,516 KB) | Citation | Downloads: 1,395 | Views: 768 |
Author keywords
CCD image sensors, digital images, focusing, image color analysis, image processing
References keywords
focus(25), image(14), measure(10), auto(8), pattern(7), autofocus(7), algorithm(7), systems(6), recognition(6), optics(6)
Blue keywords are present in both the references section and the paper title.
About this article
Date of Publication: 2016-11-30
Volume 16, Issue 4, Year 2016, On page(s): 39 - 44
ISSN: 1582-7445, e-ISSN: 1844-7600
Digital Object Identifier: 10.4316/AECE.2016.04006
Web of Science Accession Number: 000390675900006
SCOPUS ID: 85007578320
Abstract
The autofocusing is one of the most important features of imaging devices. This feature directly affects the quality of the image taken by the imaging device. Currently, many studies are being performed to improve the feature of autofocusing. In this study, we propose a method for passive autofocusing of the color cameras. This method suggested is called as the Passive Autofocusing Based-Brightness and Contrast (PA Based-BC). According to this method, autofocusing is performed by identifying the brightness of the R, G and B color components of the RGB image and by focusing of the camera on the brightest color component. To this end, in this study, many experiments have been conducted. The analyses of these experiments show that the contrast-based focusing made depending on the brightness gives much better results. The use of this method upgrades the focusing accuracy of the color camera up to 95%. |
References | | | Cited By «-- Click to see who has cited this paper |
[1] R. Benes, P. Dvorak, M. Faundez-Zanuy, V. Espinosa-Duró, J. Mekyska, "Multi-Focus Thermal Image Fusion," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 536-544, 2013. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 18] [SCOPUS Times Cited 24] [2] D. Wang, X. Ding, T. Zhang, H. Kuang, "A Fast Auto-Focusing Technique for the Long Focal Lens TDI CCD Camera in Remote Sensing Applications," Optics and Laser Technology, vol. 45, pp. 190-197, 2013. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 14] [SCOPUS Times Cited 17] [3] J. Kautsky, J. Flusser, B. Zitova, S. Simberova, "A New Wavelet-Based Measure of Image Focus," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 23, no. 14, pp. 1785-1794, 2002. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 115] [SCOPUS Times Cited 146] [4] S. Wu, W. Lin, L. Jiang, W. Xiong, L. Chen, "An Objective Out-Of-Focus Blur Measurement," Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 2005 Fifth International Conference on, pp. 334-338, 2005. [CrossRef] [5] S. Pertuz, D. Puig, M. A. Garcia, "Reliability Measure for Shape-From-Focus," Image and Vision Computing, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 725-734, 2013. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 23] [SCOPUS Times Cited 28] [6] C. Y. Chen, R. C. Hwang, Y. J. Chen, "A Passive Auto-Focus Camera Control System," Applied Soft Computing, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 296-303, 2010. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 71] [SCOPUS Times Cited 92] [7] S. H. Jin, J. U. Cho, J. W. Jeon, "FPGA Based Passive Auto Focus System Using Adaptive Thresholding," in Proceedings of SICE-ICASE International Conference, pp. 2290-2295, 2006. [CrossRef] [SCOPUS Times Cited 9] [8] J. Widjaja, S. Jutamulia, "Wavelet Transform-Based Autofocus Camera Systems," in Proceedings of The 1998 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, pp. 49-51, 1998. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 11] [9] I. H. Lee, S. O. Shim, T. S. Choi, "Improving Focus Measurement via Variable Window Shape on Surface Radiance Distribution for 3D Shape Reconstruction," Optics and Lasers in Engineering, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 520-526, 2013. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 19] [SCOPUS Times Cited 21] [10] E. Turgay, O. Teke, "Autofocus Method in Thermal Cameras Based on Image Histogram," 2011 IEEE Conference on 19th Signal Processing and Communications Applications, pp. 462-465, 2011. [CrossRef] [SCOPUS Times Cited 1] [11] S. B. Roh, S. K. Oh, W. Pedrycz, K. Seo, "Development of Autofocusing Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Transforms," Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 288, pp. 129-144, 2016. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 5] [SCOPUS Times Cited 7] [12] C. Zhou, X. Hu, Y. Zhou, "An Induced Fluorescence Detecting System with Autofocus Electrically Tunable Len", IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 297-300, 2016. [CrossRef] [13] Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, C. Wen, "A New Focus Measure Method Using Moments," Image and Vision Computing, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 959-965, 2000. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 72] [SCOPUS Times Cited 88] [14] M. Subbarao, J. K. Tyan, "Selecting the Optimal Focus Measure for Autofocusing and Depth-From-Focus," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 864-870, 1998. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 258] [SCOPUS Times Cited 327] [15] W. Huang, Z. Jing, "Evaluation of Focus Measures in Multi-Focus Image Fusion," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 493-500, 2007. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 411] [SCOPUS Times Cited 557] [16] L. Fan, F. Song, S. Jutamulia, "Edge Detection with Large Depth of Focus Using Differential Haar-Gaussian Wavelet Transform," Optics Communications, vol. 270, no. 2, pp. 169-175, 2007. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 7] [SCOPUS Times Cited 12] [17] D. M. Tsai, C. C. Chou, "A Fast Focus Measure for Video Display Inspection," Machine Vision and Applications, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 192-196, 2003. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 8] [SCOPUS Times Cited 11] [18] H. C. Chang, T. M. Shih, N. Z. Chen, N. W. Pu, "A Microscope System Based on Bevel-Axial Method Auto-Focus," Optics and Lasers in Engineering, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 547-551, 2009. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 26] [SCOPUS Times Cited 33] [19] M. Selek, "An Adaptive Squared Gradient Algorithm for Autofocusing of Thermal Cameras," International Journal of Innovative Computing Information and Control, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 841-849, 2013. [20] I. Lee, M. T. Mahmood, T. S. Choi, "Adaptive Window Selection for 3D Shape Recovery from Image Focus," Optics and Laser Technology, vol.45, pp. 21-31, 2013. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 29] [SCOPUS Times Cited 33] [21] M. G. Chun, S. G. Kong, "Focusing in Thermal Imagery Using Morphological Gradient Operator," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 38, pp. 20-25, 2014. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 8] [SCOPUS Times Cited 12] [22] O. Lossona, L. Macairea, Y. Yanga, "Comparison of Color Demosaicing Methods," Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, vol. 162, pp. 173-265, 2010. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 66] [SCOPUS Times Cited 85] [23] P. M. Hubel, J. Liu, R. J. Guttosch, "Spatial Frequency Response of Color Image Sensors: Bayer Color Filters and Foveon X3," Sensors and Camera Systems for Scientific, Industrial and Digital Photography Applications V Proc. SPIE, vol. 5301, pp. 402-407, 2004. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 44] [SCOPUS Times Cited 58] [24] X. Li, B. Gunturk, L. Zhang, "Image Demosaicing: a Systematic Survey," Visual Communications and Image Processing Proceedings SPIE, vol. 6822, 2008. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 159] [SCOPUS Times Cited 345] [25] Z. Sadeghipoor, Y.M. Lu, S. Süsstrunk, "Optimum Spectral Sensitivity Functions for Single Sensor Color Imaging," in Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Digital Photography VIII, vol. 8299, 2012. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 11] [SCOPUS Times Cited 22] [26] X. Xu, Y. Wang, J. Tang, X. Zhang, X. Liu, "Robust Automatic Focus Algorithm for Low Contrast Images Using a New Contrast Measure," Sensors, vol. 11, pp. 8281-8294, 2011. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 46] [SCOPUS Times Cited 51] [27] S. Podlech, "Autofocus by Bayes Spectral Entropy Applied to Optical Microscopy," Microscopy and Microanalysis, pp. 1-9, 2016. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 7] [SCOPUS Times Cited 9] [28] R. O. Panicker, B. Soman, G. Saini, J. Rajan, "A Review of Automatic Methods Based on Image Processing Techniques for Tuberculosis Detection from Microscopic Sputum Smear Images," Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 40, pp. 1-13, 2016. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 40] [SCOPUS Times Cited 57] [29] X. Zhang, H. Wu, Y. Ma, "A New Auto-Focus Measure Based on Medium Frequency Discrete Cosine Transform Filtering and Discrete Cosine Transform," Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, vol. 40, pp. 430-437, 2016. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 28] [SCOPUS Times Cited 32] [30] X. Zuojiang, H. Di, Z. Haibin, W. Liang, X. Zhigang, "Research on Automatic Focusing Technique Based on Image Autocollimation," Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, vol. 127, pp. 148-151, 2016. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 7] [SCOPUS Times Cited 9] [31] B. Neumann, A. Dämon, D. Hogenkamp, E. Beckmann, J. Kollmann, "A Laser-Autofocus for Automatic Microscopy and Metrology," Sensors and Actuators, vol. 17, no. 1-2, pp. 267-272, 1989. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 11] [SCOPUS Times Cited 13] [32] N. Kehtarnavaz, H. J. Oh, "Development and Real-Time Implementation of A Rule-Based Auto-Focus Algorithm," Real-Time Imaging, vol. 9, pp. 197-203, 2003. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 120] [SCOPUS Times Cited 151] [33] M. Gamadia, N. Kehtarnavaz, K. Roberts-Hoffman, "Low-Light Auto-Focus Enhancement for Digital and Cell-Phone Camera Image Pipelines," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, 2007. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 28] [SCOPUS Times Cited 36] [34] S. Y. Lee, J. T. Yoo, Y. Kumar, S. W. Kim, "Reduced Energy-Ratio Measure for Robust Autofocusing in Digital Camera," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 133-136, 2009. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 66] [SCOPUS Times Cited 81] [35] H. D. Cheng, X. H. Jiang, Y. Sun, J. Wang, "Color Image Segmentation: Advances And Prospects," Pattern Recognition, vol. 34, pp. 2259-2281, 2001. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 1138] [SCOPUS Times Cited 1492] [36] F. C. A. Groen, I. T. Young, G. Ligthart, "A Comparison of Different Focus Functions for Use in Autofocus Algorithms," Cytometry, vol. 6, pp. 81-91, 1985. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 353] [SCOPUS Times Cited 445] [37] J. W. Han, J. H. Kim, H. T. Lee, S. J. Ko, "A Novel Training Based Auto-Focus for Mobile-Phone Cameras," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 232-238, 2011. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 22] [SCOPUS Times Cited 25] [38] S.Y. Lee, Y. Kumar, J. M. Cho, S. W. Lee, S. W. Kim, "Enhanced Autofocus Algorithm Using Robust Focus Measure and Fuzzy Reasoning," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1237-1246, 2008. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 86] [SCOPUS Times Cited 115] [39] J. Lee, K. Kim, B. Nam, "Implementation of a Passive Automatic Focusing Algorithm for Digital Still Camera," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 449-454, 1995. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 79] [SCOPUS Times Cited 102] [40] Y. Sun, S. Duthaler, B. J. Nelson, "Autofocusing in Computer Microscopy: Selecting The Optimal Focus Algorithm," Microscopy Research and Technique, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 139-149, 2004. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 365] [SCOPUS Times Cited 451] [41] M. Kristan, J. Pers, M. Perse, S. Kovacic, "A Bayes-Spectral-Entropy-Based Measure of Camera Focus Using a Discrete Cosine Transform," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 27, pp. 1431-1439, 2006. [CrossRef] [Web of Science Times Cited 78] [SCOPUS Times Cited 101] Web of Science® Citations for all references: 3,849 TCR SCOPUS® Citations for all references: 5,098 TCR Web of Science® Average Citations per reference: 92 ACR SCOPUS® Average Citations per reference: 121 ACR TCR = Total Citations for References / ACR = Average Citations per Reference We introduced in 2010 - for the first time in scientific publishing, the term "References Weight", as a quantitative indication of the quality ... Read more Citations for references updated on 2024-11-19 05:14 in 267 seconds. Note1: Web of Science® is a registered trademark of Clarivate Analytics. Note2: SCOPUS® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Disclaimer: All queries to the respective databases were made by using the DOI record of every reference (where available). Due to technical problems beyond our control, the information is not always accurate. Please use the CrossRef link to visit the respective publisher site. |
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
All rights reserved: Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering is a registered trademark of the Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, photocopied, recorded or archived, without the written permission from the Editor. When authors submit their papers for publication, they agree that the copyright for their article be transferred to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania, if and only if the articles are accepted for publication. The copyright covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints and translations.
Permission for other use: The copyright owner's consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific written permission must be obtained from the Editor for such copying. Direct linking to files hosted on this website is strictly prohibited.
Disclaimer: Whilst every effort is made by the publishers and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinions or statements appear in this journal, they wish to make it clear that all information and opinions formulated in the articles, as well as linguistic accuracy, are the sole responsibility of the author.